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John Locke, a 17th-century English philosopher, made a significant contribution to the philosophy of human person through his theory of personal identity, especially in his seminal work *An Essay Concerning Human Understanding* (1690). Locke’s account of personal identity is grounded not in substance—whether material or immaterial—but in consciousness. He diverged from earlier scholastic traditions that rooted identity in the soul or body and instead developed a psychological continuity theory, emphasizing memory and self-awareness. Locke’s central claim is that personal identity is founded on continuity of consciousness. For Locke, what makes someone the same person over time is not the persistence of the same body or even the same immaterial soul, but rather the continuation of consciousness. According to him, “as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought, so far reaches the identity of that person.” In other words, a person remains the same over time because they remember or are conscious of their past experiences. This idea sharply contrasts with the Cartesian view, which locates personal identity in the substance of the soul. Descartes argued that the soul or thinking substance (res cogitans) is the seat of identity. Locke, however, insisted that even if the same soul were transferred from one ____ _______ _____ ________ __________ ____ _____ _______ _____.
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