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Timber is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials in construction due to its strength, durability, workability and aesthetic appeal. However, being a natural material, it is prone to various defects that may develop during the growth of the tree, during conversion from logs to timber, or during seasoning and storage. These defects reduce the strength, durability, appearance and service life of timber, and therefore a clear understanding of them is essential in building construction and maintenance. Defects in timber may be broadly classified into natural defects, defects due to seasoning, defects due to conversion, and defects due to biological agencies such as fungi and insects. Natural defects arise during the growth of the tree. Knots are among the most common natural defects. They are formed when branches of the tree are embedded in the trunk. Knots may be _____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____.
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