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Timber is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials in construction due to its strength, durability, workability and aesthetic appeal. However, being a natural material, it is prone to various defects that may develop during the growth of the tree, during conversion from logs to timber, or during seasoning and storage. These defects reduce the strength, durability, appearance and service life of timber, and therefore a clear understanding of them is essential in building construction and maintenance. Defects in timber may be broadly classified into natural defects, defects due to seasoning, defects due to conversion, and defects due to biological agencies such as fungi and insects. Natural defects arise during the growth of the tree. Knots are among the most common natural defects. They are formed when branches of the tree are embedded in the trunk. Knots may be live or dead. Live knots are firmly held in the wood and are generally sound, whereas dead knots are loose and may fall out, leaving holes. Knots disturb the continuity of wood fibers, thereby reducing strength and making the timber unsuitable for structural members subjected to heavy loads. Shakes are another important natural defect. These are cracks or splits that occur in the wood due to stresses developed during growth. Heart shakes _____ _________ ____ ____ _____ _____ _____.
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