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The development of topographical maps in India is closely linked with the history of cartography in the country, especially during the colonial period when systematic surveys were first undertaken. Topographical maps are detailed, large-scale representations of natural and man-made features, showing relief, drainage, settlements, transportation, and administrative boundaries. In India, their evolution reflects both scientific advancements in mapping techniques and the socio-political needs of different periods. The beginning of topographical mapping in India can be traced to the late eighteenth century when the British East India Company initiated systematic surveys. The most significant among these was the Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS), which began in 1802 under the supervision of William Lambton and ___ ________ ____ _________ _______ _______ ___ ____ ____ _____ ________.
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