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Restriction endonucleases, commonly referred to as restriction enzymes, are essential tools in biotechnology that allow scientists to cut DNA molecules at specific locations. These enzymes are naturally occurring in bacteria and archaea, where they serve as a defense mechanism against viral DNA by cutting foreign DNA into smaller, manageable pieces. In biotechnology, they are widely used for manipulating DNA in various applications such as cloning, gene editing, and genetic mapping. Restriction enzymes are highly specific in their action. They recognize particular sequences of nucleotides in the DNA, called recognition sites, typically 4-8 base pairs long. Once the enzyme identifies this site, it cuts the DNA molecule at or near this sequence. This cutting action results in two types of DNA ends: blunt ends, where the strands are cut straight across, and sticky or cohesive ends, where the ______ _____ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______.
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