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Trade takes place between two countries primarily because it allows them to benefit from differences in their resource endowments, production capabilities, and opportunity costs. Within the framework of *Principles of Microeconomics-II*, trade is understood as a mutually beneficial exchange that enhances economic efficiency, raises the overall level of output, and allows countries to consume beyond their production possibility frontiers. One of the foundational explanations for international trade is the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, which highlights how trade can be beneficial even when one country __________ _________ ______ ____ ___ __________ ____ ___ _______ _____ ___ __________.
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