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After independence, India adopted a structured and multifaceted approach to rural development, recognizing that the majority of its population lived in rural areas and faced significant socioeconomic disadvantages. The planning strategies evolved over time and were deeply influenced by the goal of achieving equitable development, alleviating poverty, promoting self-reliance, and ensuring participatory democracy. A major shift occurred with the adoption of decentralized planning through the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), which played a crucial role in tailoring development initiatives to local needs. The early planning strategies were heavily centralized, with the Planning Commission playing a dominant role in formulating Five-Year Plans. The First Five-Year Plan (1951–56) laid the foundation by focusing on agriculture, irrigation, and community development. The Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) were introduced to promote holistic rural development through administrative coordination. However, these programs were largely technocratic and lacked community participation, which limited their success. During the Second Five-Year Plan (1956–61), the focus shifted to industrialization and heavy industries, but rural development continued through land reforms, cooperatives, and expansion of irrigation facilities. Land reform measures included abolition of intermediaries, tenancy reforms, and consolidation of land holdings, although their implementation was uneven across states. A ________ ______ ______ ________ ______ ____ _______ _________ __________ _______ ________.
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