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The world-systems approach is a theoretical framework developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s that explains the structure of global capitalism and the persistence of inequalities among nations. It draws upon Marxist perspectives, dependency theory, and historical sociology to argue that the modern world is not composed of isolated nation-states but rather a single world system, structured by economic and political relationships. Unlike theories that treat states as independent units, the world-systems approach emphasizes interdependence, systemic hierarchies, and the division of labor on a global scale. It is particularly concerned with how global inequalities are reproduced and maintained through the dynamics of this system. According to Wallerstein, the modern world system emerged in the 16th century with the expansion of European colonialism and capitalist exchange. At its core, the system is characterized by a world division of labor in which different regions specialize in different types of economic activity. He divided the world into three categories: core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Core countries are those that dominate technologically advanced and capital-intensive production, such as Western Europe, North America, and later Japan. Periphery countries, largely in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, are integrated into the system as suppliers of raw materials, cheap labor, and agricultural products. Semi-periphery states, such as Brazil, India, and South Africa, occupy an intermediate position, serving as a buffer zone that mitigates tensions between the core and periphery. This structural arrangement ensures that wealth and surplus value flow from the periphery to the core, perpetuating inequality. The world-systems approach builds on dependency theory but extends it by embedding dependency in a broader historical and global framework. Dependency theory, popular in Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s, had argued that underdevelopment in the Global South was the result of exploitative relations with the Global North. Wallerstein refined this view by stressing that underdevelopment and development are two sides of the same global process. For example, Europe’s industrial revolution was not an isolated phenomenon but deeply connected with colonial exploitation in India and Africa. ______ __________ _______ ______ ______ ______ ______.
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