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Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a systematic decision-support process designed to ensure that environmental and health considerations are integrated into policies, plans, and programs at an early stage, before specific projects are initiated. Unlike project-level Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which evaluates the direct environmental and health consequences of individual projects, SEA operates at a broader level and addresses the cumulative, long-term, and strategic impacts of development decisions. The purpose of SEA is to guide decision-makers in formulating sustainable policies by identifying environmental risks, health implications, and opportunities for enhancing human well-being. This framework ensures that environmental health is not an afterthought but an integral part of development planning. The rationale for SEA lies in its proactive nature. Many environmental and health challenges cannot be adequately addressed if assessments are confined to the project stage alone, as by then many decisions are already locked in. For instance, large-scale infrastructure development, urbanization strategies, or energy policies shape human exposure to pollutants, access to clean water, and vulnerability to climate change-related health risks. By applying SEA, governments and institutions are able to evaluate these higher-level initiatives holistically, considering both environmental and health outcomes. In this sense, SEA contributes to preventive action, minimizing risks to populations and ecosystems before irreversible damage occurs. The process of SEA generally follows a structured framework, though it may vary across countries depending on legal systems, institutional arrangements, and environmental governance. The process begins with the screening stage, where it is determined whether a proposed policy, plan, or program requires SEA. Not all initiatives need such an assessment; SEA is applied when there are significant potential impacts on the environment and public health. Screening prevents unnecessary assessments while ensuring that critical proposals undergo detailed evaluation. Once the need for SEA is established, the ___ _____ _______ ________ ___ ___ __________ _______ __________ _______ ____.
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