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Osmosis and reverse osmosis are membrane-based separation processes widely applied in environmental engineering, particularly in water purification and the treatment of liquid effluents generated during solid waste processing such as landfill leachate, composting runoff, and industrial waste streams. Osmosis is a natural phenomenon in which a solvent, usually water, moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration until equilibrium is achieved. Reverse osmosis, in contrast, is an engineered process that applies external pressure to force water to move in the opposite direction, from a region of higher solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration, thereby separating contaminants and producing purified water. Understanding the difference between these processes is essential for selecting appropriate treatment methods in solid waste management and environmental protection. In osmosis, the driving force is the natural tendency of a system to reach chemical equilibrium. When two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, water molecules migrate toward the more concentrated solution to dilute it. The membrane allows only solvent ______ _____ ____ _______ _____ __________ ____ _________ _________.
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