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The adversarial criminal justice system is a legal framework primarily followed in common law countries such as India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In this system, criminal trials operate as a contest between two opposing parties—the prosecution, representing the state, and the defence, representing the accused—before an impartial judge or jury. The main objective is to discover the truth through structured legal argument, examination of evidence, and cross-examination of witnesses. Unlike inquisitorial systems, where judges actively investigate cases, the adversarial system assigns the responsibility of presenting evidence and arguments to the opposing parties, while the judge ensures fairness, interprets law, and maintains neutrality during proceedings. ([Wikipedia][1]) In an adversarial trial, each side independently collects and presents evidence that supports its case. Witnesses are examined and cross-examined to test the reliability of their testimony. Strict rules of evidence determine what information can be presented in court, reducing the risk of prejudice or unreliable material influencing decisions. The judge usually plays a passive but supervisory role, ensuring procedural fairness and protecting the rights of both parties. This system is designed to maintain transparency and provide checks on state power by ensuring that accusations alone are not enough to justify punishment. ([The Law Institute][2]) A central feature of the adversarial criminal justice system is ___ __________ _______ ______ ______ ________ ___ _________.
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