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Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a computational method used in bioinformatics to align three or more biological sequences—typically DNA, RNA, or proteins—so that homologous residues are arranged in columns. The objective of MSA is to identify regions of similarity that may indicate functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships among the sequences. Unlike pairwise sequence alignment, which compares only two sequences at a time, MSA considers multiple sequences simultaneously, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of conserved motifs, domains, and evolutionary patterns. Algorithms for MSA include progressive alignment, iterative methods, and consistency-based approaches, with widely used tools such as Clustal Omega, MUSCLE, and MAFFT providing efficient solutions for aligning large _________ __________ _________ _______ _____ ______ _______ ____ __________.
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