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Landscape can be understood as the visible and spatially heterogeneous arrangement of natural and human-made features on the Earth’s surface. It is not merely the physical scenery that one observes but a dynamic mosaic of ecosystems, land uses, vegetation types, water bodies, built structures, and cultural elements interacting across space and time. Landscapes are therefore the outcome of both natural processes such as geological formation, climate, and hydrology, as well as human interventions including agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure development. A landscape can encompass forests, wetlands, rivers, agricultural fields, villages, towns, and metropolitan areas, reflecting the interaction between ecological systems and socio-economic activities. In ecology and environmental studies, the concept of landscape provides a scale at which scientists, planners, and policymakers can analyze patterns of biodiversity, energy flows, nutrient cycling, and human impacts on the environment. Landscape ecology emerges as the scientific discipline dedicated to the study of these patterns, processes, and changes within landscapes. It combines ecological theory with spatial analysis, geography, and human dimensions to understand how spatial heterogeneity influences ecological functions and how ecological dynamics are shaped by both natural and anthropogenic forces. At its core, landscape ecology seeks to _________ ________ ________ ___ ___ __________.
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