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Globalisation refers to the growing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, institutions, economies, cultures, and people across the world. It represents a process through which national boundaries become increasingly permeable to the flow of goods, services, capital, technology, information, and ideas. Globalisation reshapes economic structures, influences political governance, transforms social relations, and introduces new administrative challenges. In the context of contemporary issues and concerns in Indian administration, globalisation has had a profound impact on public policy, institutional reforms, service delivery mechanisms, and governance models. It compels states to adapt to global standards while safeguarding domestic priorities, often creating a complex interplay between international pressures and national interests. The evolution of globalisation can be traced through several distinct phases. The earliest roots lie in ancient trade networks such as the Silk Road, which connected Asia, Europe, and Africa. However, this early form of connectivity was limited in scope and impact. The modern trajectory of globalisation began with European exploration and colonisation starting in the fifteenth century, which integrated vast regions into a world economy. Yet true global economic integration was hampered by technological limitations and the protectionist policies of the time. The nineteenth century saw a significant acceleration with the Industrial Revolution. Innovations in transportation such as steamships and railways, and communication tools like the telegraph, reduced time and distance. International trade expanded, and global financial flows increased. However, this period of integration suffered major setbacks during the World Wars and the Great Depression, which prompted countries to adopt inward-looking policies. The contemporary phase of globalisation _______ _______ _________ _____ _____ __________ ____ __________ __________ _____ ______ ______.
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