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Adulteration of drugs refers to the practice of intentionally compromising the quality, purity, or efficacy of pharmaceutical substances by adding, substituting, or mixing them with inferior, harmful, or unauthorized substances. This act is usually driven by economic gain, negligence, or unethical practices, and it poses serious risks to patient health, treatment outcomes, and public safety. In pharmaceutical chemistry, detecting adulteration is crucial to ensure drug safety, effectiveness, and compliance with regulatory standards. Adulterated drugs can lead to therapeutic failure, toxic effects, drug resistance, and in severe cases, fatalities. Deliberate adulteration is distinguished from accidental contamination as it involves intentional tampering to mislead consumers or reduce production costs. It can occur at any stage of the drug supply chain, including manufacturing, _____ _______ _____ _____ ____.
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