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Parenterals are pharmaceutical preparations that are administered by routes other than the gastrointestinal tract, typically by injection. They are designed to deliver drugs directly into systemic circulation or specific tissues, providing rapid onset of action and avoiding the barriers of oral absorption, such as enzymatic degradation or first-pass metabolism in the liver. Parenteral formulations must be sterile, pyrogen-free, and often isotonic to ________ _________ ____ _____ ________ ________ ______ _________ ___ ________ ___ ________.
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