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Hospital administration has undergone significant transformation over the years, shaped by changes in medical science, social expectations, technology, economics, and public policy. In the early stages, hospitals were primarily charitable institutions managed by religious bodies or philanthropists. Administration during this period was rudimentary, focusing mainly on custodial care rather than organized medical treatment. Decision-making was centralized, informal, and largely based on tradition, with little emphasis on efficiency, standardization, or professional management. Record keeping, staffing, and resource allocation were minimal, as hospitals catered to limited patient populations with basic facilities. With the advancement of medical science in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, hospitals began to evolve into centers for diagnosis and treatment. This shift demanded more structured administrative ___ ______ _______ ______ __________ _____ ___ ______ ______.
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