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Accident causation models are frameworks that help safety professionals explain how incidents occur and, more importantly, where interventions will be most effective. Early models focused on linear chains of events and individual fault; modern approaches treat accidents as outcomes of interacting human, technical, and organizational factors. Briefly summarised, key models include: Heinrich’s Domino Model — portrays accidents as a linear sequence of linked causes (social environment → fault of person → unsafe act → accident → injury). Remove one “domino” (usually unsafe acts or antecedent faults) and the chain breaks. It emphasises individual behaviour and training. Swiss Cheese Model (Reason) — visualises layered defences with holes representing latent conditions and active failures. Accidents occur _____ _______ _____ __________ ___ ___ ________ _____ ___ ___ _______.
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