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Antonio Gramsci, an Italian Marxist thinker, visualized civil society as a crucial terrain for understanding the dynamics of power, domination, and resistance within modern political regimes. Unlike classical Marxist theory, which focused primarily on the economic base and the state as instruments of coercion, Gramsci emphasized the subtler forms of control exercised through civil society, which includes institutions such as schools, media, religious organizations, cultural associations, trade unions, and voluntary groups. He argued that civil society is the arena in which hegemony is established and maintained: it is through the creation and dissemination of consent rather than the mere application of force that ruling classes secure their dominance. Gramsci’s concept of hegemony is central to his understanding of civil society. Hegemony, in his framework, is the process by which a ruling class not only dominates politically and economically but also shapes cultural and ideological norms so that its values and worldview are internalized by subordinate groups. Civil society functions as the mechanism through which this consent is produced. Schools educate individuals in the norms of the existing social order, media outlets propagate ideas aligned with elite interests, and religious institutions often legitimize hierarchical structures. In this way, civil society operates as a space where consent is manufactured and where power becomes “naturalized,” making the exercise of domination more sustainable and less reliant on direct ____ _____ _______ _________ ____ _______ _____ __________ ________.
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