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Active microwave remote sensing is a branch of remote sensing that uses artificially generated microwave signals to detect and analyze the characteristics of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Unlike passive microwave remote sensing, which measures naturally emitted radiation, active microwave systems transmit their own microwave energy towards a target and then record the energy that is backscattered. Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is the most widely used active microwave remote sensing system. It operates in various frequency bands such as X, C, L, S, and P, each of which penetrates the Earth’s surface and vegetation differently depending on wavelength. Active microwave sensors have several distinctive features. First, they are capable of acquiring data during both day and night because they do not depend on ___ ___ __________ _____ _______ _____.
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