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Mapping landforms using remote sensing data has become an essential tool in geo-environmental studies, as it provides detailed, accurate, and up-to-date information about the Earth's surface. Landforms, which are natural physical features such as mountains, valleys, plateaus, hills, and plains, reflect underlying geological processes and influence environmental conditions. Remote sensing, combined with Geoinformatics, enables the identification, classification, and monitoring of these landforms efficiently over large and often inaccessible areas. Remote sensing data are acquired through sensors mounted on satellites, aircraft, or drones. These sensors capture information in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible, infrared, and microwave bands. Multispectral and hyperspectral sensors are particularly useful for landform mapping because they provide detailed spectral information that allows differentiation between __________ _________ ________ ______ ____ __________ _______ _____ _______ ______.
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