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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) laws and guidelines have emerged as crucial tools in promoting sustainable development and protecting environmental health. The fundamental objective of EIA is to ensure that potential environmental consequences of projects and policies are identified, assessed, and mitigated before implementation. By systematically analyzing possible impacts on air, water, soil, biodiversity, and human health, EIA serves as a preventive mechanism that integrates environmental concerns into decision-making processes. The laws and guidelines that regulate EIA provide a legal and procedural framework to guide project proponents, government authorities, and communities in balancing developmental needs with ecological sustainability. The concept of EIA gained international recognition in the 1970s, following the enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in the United States in 1969, which mandated assessment of environmental effects for major federal actions. Inspired by this, many countries introduced similar legislation to ensure environmentally sound planning. International organizations such as the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have also emphasized the need for EIA in project financing and policy planning. These developments influenced nations like India to adopt statutory frameworks for environmental appraisal and regulation. In the Indian context, EIA became a legal _____ ___ ______ ______ _________ ______ ________.
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