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Monetary policy refers to the use of various tools by a country’s central bank to regulate the supply of money, credit, and interest rates in the economy to achieve macroeconomic objectives such as price stability, economic growth, and employment generation. The instruments of monetary policy are broadly categorized into two types: quantitative (or general) instruments and qualitative (or selective) instruments. Quantitative instruments influence the overall volume of credit in the economy, while qualitative instruments are aimed at directing credit to specific sectors. The most commonly used quantitative instruments include the Bank Rate, Open Market Operations (OMO), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), and Repo and Reverse Repo rates. The Bank Rate is the rate at which the central bank lends long-term funds to commercial banks. By raising or lowering the ____ ____ ________ _________ ______ __________ ___ ______ _________.
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