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The atmosphere of Earth is a complex and dynamic system that plays a fundamental role in maintaining the conditions necessary for life. It serves as a protective blanket around the planet, shielding it from harmful solar radiation, regulating temperature, and facilitating the hydrological and carbon cycles. The atmosphere is not a uniform entity; instead, it is structured vertically into layers that differ in temperature, composition, density, and pressure. Along with its structure, understanding the composition of the atmosphere and the global energy budget is crucial for analyzing the mechanisms of global climate change. The global energy budget refers to the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation, and this balance is a key factor in determining the Earth’s climate system. The vertical structure of the atmosphere is generally divided into four major layers based on temperature gradients: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Above these, the exosphere is sometimes considered the outermost extension where the atmosphere gradually merges with outer space. The lowest layer, the troposphere, extends from the surface up to around 8 kilometers at the poles and 18 kilometers at the equator. It is the densest layer and contains about 75% of the atmospheric mass, as well as the majority of water vapor and aerosols. Weather phenomena _____ ____ ___ _________ _______ ___ _____ _________ __________ _____.
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