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Landfill gas (LFG) is produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in landfills, primarily consisting of methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and trace amounts of other gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic compounds. Since methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential many times higher than CO₂, proper management of landfill gases is essential for environmental protection, public health, and safety. The treatment and disposal of landfill gases aim to minimize their harmful impacts, recover energy, and comply with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for the treatment of landfill gases, each with specific mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. One of the most commonly used methods for landfill gas management is gas collection and flaring. In this process, gas is extracted from the landfill using a network of wells and pipes. Vertical or horizontal wells are installed throughout the landfill to collect the gas generated in the waste mass. These wells are connected to a vacuum system or blower that ensures continuous extraction of the gases. Once collected, the landfill gas can be combusted in a flare system. Flaring converts methane to carbon dioxide and water, significantly reducing the greenhouse effect since CO₂ has a lower global warming potential than methane. There are different types of flares, including open flares and enclosed flares. Open flares are simpler and less expensive but may have lower combustion efficiency, whereas enclosed flares provide better control over combustion, reduce noise and odor, and achieve nearly complete destruction of methane. Flaring is particularly suitable when the energy recovery from landfill gas is not feasible or when the volume of gas is insufficient for utilization. Another widely adopted approach is energy recovery from landfill gas, which treats LFG not only as a pollutant but also as a renewable energy resource. Collected gas can be processed and used for electricity generation, heat ________ _______ _________ ____ __________ _________.
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