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Landslides are one of the most frequent and destructive natural hazards in India, particularly in the Himalayan region, the Western Ghats, the Northeastern states, and parts of the Nilgiris and Eastern Ghats. They are triggered by a combination of natural factors such as intense rainfall, earthquakes, weathering, and slope instability, as well as anthropogenic activities like deforestation, unplanned construction, mining, and road cutting. Risk reduction measures associated with landslides in India therefore require a comprehensive approach that integrates scientific assessment, structural and non-structural strategies, environmental management, policy regulation, and community participation. One of the primary risk reduction measures is landslide hazard zonation mapping. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) and other institutions prepare detailed landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) maps that classify areas into different risk categories based on slope angle, geology, soil type, rainfall intensity, land use, and seismicity. These maps help planners and administrators identify vulnerable zones and regulate construction and developmental activities accordingly. By integrating remote sensing, GIS technology, and field surveys, hazard mapping provides a scientific basis for ____ __________ _______ ____ _____ _____ __________.
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