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The continuity between Harappan civilization and Vedic culture has long been a subject of historical and archaeological interest. While the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, thrived between approximately 3300 BCE and 1900 BCE, the Vedic period is generally considered to have begun around 1500 BCE, continuing till roughly 500 BCE. Despite the temporal gap and evident transformations in society, economy, and religion, there are several points of continuity that suggest a degree of cultural and social persistence from the Harappan to the Vedic period. One of the most evident continuities lies in urban and agricultural practices. Harappan civilization was marked by planned cities like Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Lothal, with well-laid streets, sophisticated drainage systems, and uniform brick sizes, reflecting a high degree of civic planning and technological understanding. Though Vedic culture primarily represents a pastoral and rural phase in its early stage, there is evidence of continuing agricultural practices, particularly the cultivation of wheat, barley, and pulses. Irrigation techniques, the use of ploughs, and settlement patterns in later Vedic texts suggest an inheritance of agricultural knowledge and environmental adaptation that had roots in Harappan agrarian practices. Material culture provides another domain of continuity. Harappans used pottery extensively, often with intricate designs, and the Vedic period also shows a continuation in pottery styles, with regional variations and ritual significance. Tools and ornaments made of stone, copper, ___ __________ _____ __________ ____ _________ _____.
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