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Mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV/AIDS is one of the most significant public health challenges associated with the HIV epidemic. It refers to the transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) from an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery, or breastfeeding. According to the World Health Organization, MTCT is the primary route through which children under 15 years acquire HIV infection worldwide. Without proper medical intervention, the transmission risk ranges from 15% to 45%, but with effective prevention measures, this risk can be reduced to below 5%. The issue remains particularly severe in developing countries where access to healthcare services is limited. One of the major issues related to mother to child transmission is lack of awareness and early diagnosis. Many women of reproductive age are not adequately informed about HIV testing and prevention strategies. In several low and middle-income regions, pregnant women do not undergo routine HIV screening during antenatal visits. As a result, HIV-positive mothers remain unidentified, increasing the likelihood of transmission to the newborn child. Late diagnosis also reduces the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which plays a crucial role in preventing vertical transmission. Public health education campaigns are therefore essential to improve awareness among women and families. Another important issue is limited access to prenatal healthcare services. In many rural and economically disadvantaged communities, pregnant women face barriers in accessing healthcare facilities. Distance to hospitals, financial constraints, social stigma, and shortage of trained medical professionals contribute to inadequate maternal care. The absence of proper antenatal monitoring prevents timely initiation of treatment for HIV-positive pregnant women. The UNAIDS emphasizes that strengthening maternal healthcare systems is essential ______ _______ _______ _____ _____ ____ _______ ________ ____ ________.
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