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Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, also known as vertical transmission, is a significant route through which children acquire HIV infection. It can occur during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding. The risk of transmission is influenced by several biological, medical, and social factors. Without intervention, the probability of MTCT ranges between 15% and 45%, but with effective prevention strategies, this risk can be reduced to below 5%. During pregnancy, the virus can cross the placenta and infect _________ ____ _________ _________ ____ ________.
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