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The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in December 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), stands as a landmark global accord aimed at addressing one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century—climate change. Unlike earlier climate treaties, the Paris Agreement incorporates a more inclusive, flexible, and dynamic framework that brings together developed and developing nations in a collective effort to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, adapt to climate impacts, and finance sustainable development. Its features reflect the balance between global ambition and national sovereignty, between equity and responsibility, and between present action and long-term goals. One of the most distinctive features of the Paris Agreement is its long-term temperature goal. Nations collectively agreed to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while also pursuing efforts to restrict warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This dual threshold is significant because scientific assessments, particularly from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), highlighted that surpassing 1.5 degrees would greatly amplify the risks of climate-related disasters such as heatwaves, droughts, sea-level rise, and biodiversity loss. Thus, the inclusion of the 1.5-degree ambition reflects both scientific urgency and advocacy from vulnerable nations such as small island states. Another important feature is the system of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which imposed top-down emission reduction targets on developed countries, the Paris Agreement adopts a bottom-up approach. Each country is required to prepare, communicate, and maintain its NDC, which outlines the climate actions it intends to pursue. These plans are nationally defined, reflecting the sovereignty of states to determine their own level of ambition according to their capabilities and circumstances. The mechanism creates a universal obligation—every country, whether developed or developing, must submit and update its NDC at least every five years. Over time, countries are expected to enhance the ambition of their commitments, _______ ______ _________ _______ _____.
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