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The evolution of management thought reflects the continuous effort to improve organizational efficiency, productivity, and adaptability in changing industrial environments. Scientific management, developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, marked the beginning of systematic management theory. Frederick W. Taylor, known as the father of scientific management, emphasized time studies, standardization of tools and tasks, and the scientific selection and training of workers. His principles focused on improving labor productivity through careful measurement and division of work. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contributed motion studies to eliminate unnecessary movements, while Henry L. Gantt introduced the Gantt chart, which remains an essential project scheduling and control ___ ________ ________ __________ ________ _______ ___ ________ _____ ________ __________ ____.
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