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Rural society in India has undergone profound changes since independence, shaped by economic development, technological progress, state policies, social movements, and increasing integration with the national and global economy. Traditionally, Indian rural society was characterized by agrarian livelihoods, subsistence farming, joint family systems, caste-based social relations, limited mobility, and relatively self-sufficient village economies. Over time, these features have been significantly transformed, leading to a dynamic and complex rural landscape that is deeply interconnected with urban society. One of the most important changes in rural India has been the transformation of the agrarian economy. Agriculture, which once dominated rural livelihoods almost exclusively, is no longer the sole source of income for rural households. The Green Revolution introduced high-yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, irrigation, and mechanization, leading to increased agricultural productivity in many regions. While this helped ensure food security, it also created regional disparities and social differentiation within villages. Large and medium farmers benefited more than small and marginal farmers, leading to increased economic inequality. In recent decades, the stagnation of agricultural growth, rising input costs, fragmentation of landholdings, and climate-related uncertainties have reduced the viability of farming as a sole livelihood. As a result, diversification into non-farm activities such as construction work, small-scale manufacturing, trade, transport, and services has become a defining feature of rural change. Land relations and patterns of ownership have also changed considerably. Land reforms aimed at abolishing intermediaries, imposing land _______ _______ __________ ________ ____ ___.
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