Explain the causes and pathophysiology of lower GI bleeding.

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to the loss of blood from the digestive tract distal to the ligament of Treitz, which includes the small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus. It can present as hematochezia (bright red or maroon-colored stools) or, in some cases, melena (black, tarry stools). Understanding the causes and pathophysiology of lower GI bleeding is crucial in critical care nursing management, as timely intervention can prevent complications such as hypovolemic shock, anemia, and organ dysfunction.  

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