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Thin film deposition is a crucial process in materials chemistry for creating coatings with controlled thickness and properties on various substrates. The common methods for thin film deposition can be broadly classified into physical and chemical techniques. Physical methods include thermal evaporation, sputtering, and pulsed laser deposition. _________ ________ ______ _________ ______ __________ __________ ________ _________ _____ __________.
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