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The study of social movements has been enriched by multiple theoretical perspectives, each seeking to explain why movements emerge, how they operate, and what determines their success or failure. Among these perspectives, the Resource Mobilisation (RM) approach and the Relative Deprivation (RD) approach stand out for their influence in shaping contemporary analyses of social movements, particularly in the context of India’s diverse socio-political landscape. Both theories provide different but complementary insights into the dynamics of collective action, yet they differ significantly in focus, assumptions, and implications. The Resource Mobilisation approach emerged in the 1970s as a response to earlier theories that emphasized grievances and structural strain as the primary drivers of social movements. Classical explanations, such as those rooted in structural functionalism or collective behaviour theory, often assumed that movements arose spontaneously from widespread dissatisfaction or deprivation. The RM approach, however, shifted attention from grievances to the capacity of groups to mobilise resources effectively. It argued that discontent alone is insufficient to produce a movement; rather, the availability of resources—such as money, organizational structures, leadership, and social networks—determines whether collective action can be sustained and successful. In the Indian context, the RM approach helps explain why certain movements gain traction while others remain marginal. For example, the anti-corruption movements led by civil society activists, ______ ___ _________ _____ _________ _______ _______ ________ ______ ___ ________ ___.
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