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Between 1300 and 1700 CE, the Indian subcontinent witnessed significant developments in its economic structure. This period was marked by the expansion of agrarian economies, the growth of internal and external trade, and the emergence of urban centers. One of the most crucial factors contributing to this economic growth was the development and utilization of transport and communication networks. These systems played a vital role in integrating different regions, facilitating trade, supporting agricultural expansion, ensuring administrative control, and fostering cultural exchange. Transport during this period comprised primarily land and riverine routes. Bullock carts, camels, horses, and pack animals like mules were used for overland transport, while boats and ships facilitated movement across rivers and seas. The Indian subcontinent had an extensive network of roads and riverine routes, connecting hinterlands to trade centers and ports. Although these transport methods were relatively slow and dependent on seasonal factors, they served the purpose of linking production areas with consumption and distribution centers. One of the significant contributions of transport infrastructure was the facilitation of trade. Internal trade expanded as surplus agricultural produce, handicrafts, textiles, and forest goods were transported from rural areas to urban markets. Regional specializations emerged and were connected through established trade routes. For instance, the textile-producing regions of Gujarat, Bengal, and the Deccan were linked to trade hubs and ports through road and river routes, enabling the movement of finished products to markets both within and outside India. The role of rivers was particularly important in the transport of goods. Major rivers such as the Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Godavari, and Krishna served as navigable routes for boats, allowing relatively _____ ________ ______ ________ _______ _____ _________ _________ __________ ___ ___.
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