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Gandhi’s engagement with Western concepts of the nation-state and modern industrialization was deeply critical, rooted in his ethical, spiritual, and social philosophy. He did not dismiss the achievements of the West outright, but he questioned their underlying assumptions, methods, and consequences on human well-being, morality, and the environment. His critique was both philosophical and practical, aiming to offer an alternative vision that was grounded in Indian socio-cultural realities, self-reliance, and moral self-discipline. Regarding the Western concept of the nation-state, Gandhi observed that it emphasized centralized authority, power politics, and competition among states, often at the expense of individual freedom and moral responsibility. He was concerned that such states prioritized coercion, militarization, and economic expansion over human welfare and ethical governance. Gandhi’s ideal polity, in contrast, was rooted in the principle of trusteeship and decentralization. __________ ____ __________ _________ _______ _________.
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