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Swami Vivekananda’s intellectual and spiritual development was deeply shaped by a rich environment marked by socio-religious reform movements, colonial encounters, philosophical traditions of India, and powerful personal influences. Born in 1863 in Calcutta, he grew up in a cosmopolitan milieu where Western liberal ideas coexisted with vibrant debates on religion and reform. His family environment provided an early foundation: his father, Vishwanath Datta, embodied rationality, modern education, and a liberal worldview shaped by English thought, while his mother, Bhuvaneshwari Devi, instilled in him deep religiosity, discipline, and a sense of moral duty. This synthesis of rationality and spirituality became a defining trait of Vivekananda’s later thought. The intellectual climate of nineteenth-century Bengal was especially formative. The Bengal Renaissance had fostered critical engagement with tradition and encouraged ______ _________ ___ ________ _________ ___ _________ ___.
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