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The term “Indigenous People” holds significant sociocultural, political, and anthropological importance. In anthropology, the study of Indigenous people centers around understanding their cultural practices, languages, belief systems, ecological knowledge, kinship patterns, and historical experiences, especially in relation to colonialism, land dispossession, and identity formation. While there is no universally accepted definition, various institutions and scholars have provided working definitions to guide legal and academic frameworks. The term "Indigenous" broadly refers to the original inhabitants of a region who maintain cultural continuity with pre-colonial and pre-settler societies. Their identity is often tied to a particular territory and their social, economic, and cultural systems are rooted in traditional knowledge, customary law, and sustainable relationships with nature. In anthropology, defining Indigenous people involves examining both emic (insider) perspectives and etic (outsider) classifications to better understand their self-perceptions and external designations. One of the widely cited working definitions comes from José Martínez Cobo, Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. According to the Cobo Report (1986), Indigenous communities are “those which, having a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies that developed on their territories, consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories.” This definition emphasizes two elements: historical continuity and self-identification. The report also highlights that Indigenous peoples wish to preserve, develop, and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories and their ethnic identity. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), adopted in 2007, does not offer a precise definition but asserts the right of Indigenous peoples to define their own identity. This approach acknowledges the diversity and complexity of Indigenous experiences across regions and promotes self-determination. _______ ______ _________ _____ _________ _______ ___ _____ _______ ___ __________ ___.
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