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Anthropogenic climate change is substantiated by multiple lines of evidence derived from atmospheric observations, paleoclimatic records, cryospheric changes, and ecological responses. One of the most direct evidences is the unprecedented rise in greenhouse gas concentrations, particularly carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), since the Industrial Revolution. Ice core data reveal that CO₂ levels have increased from about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times to over 420 ppm in recent years, a level not observed in at least the past 800,000 years. The isotopic composition of carbon in atmospheric CO₂ indicates a clear signature of fossil fuel combustion, confirming human sources rather than natural variability. Another critical evidence is the consistent rise in global mean surface temperature. Instrumental records since the late 19th century show an increase of approximately 1.1°C above pre-industrial levels. This warming trend is not uniform but exhibits spatial patterns, such as greater warming over ____ _____ _______ _______ ___ ___ ________ ______ _______ ______.
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