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Tariff and non-tariff barriers are key instruments used by countries to regulate and control international trade. While both are designed to protect domestic industries and balance trade deficits, they differ in their form, operation, and impact. A tariff barrier refers to a tax or duty imposed on imported goods, which increases their price in the domestic market. By making imports more expensive, tariffs aim to encourage consumers to buy locally produced goods. Tariffs can be specific, based on a fixed amount per unit of imported goods, or ad valorem, calculated as a percentage of the product’s value. In contrast, non-tariff barriers (NTBs) ___ ______ ___ __________ _______ __________ ___ _______ _____ ________ ____.
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