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Evaluation is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to judge the effectiveness of plans, programs, or activities, and it plays a crucial role in disaster management for improving preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery strategies. Within this process, summative and formative evaluation differ in purpose, timing, focus, and use of results, though both contribute to effective disaster management practices. Formative evaluation is conducted during the planning and implementation stages of disaster management programs. Its primary purpose is improvement rather than judgment. In disaster management methods and techniques, formative evaluation focuses on assessing ongoing activities such as _______ ___ ______ _________ _____ _________.
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