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Punishment is a central concept in criminal justice and social work, especially in the context of reform, rehabilitation, and deterrence. Various theories have evolved to justify and guide the practice of punishing individuals who violate legal and moral norms. In the Indian context, these theories find relevance in judicial decisions, prison reforms, juvenile justice, and rehabilitation programs. Each theory of punishment reflects a different understanding of human behavior, crime causation, and the purpose of justice. 1. Retributive Theory of Punishment The retributive theory is based on the idea of justice as revenge or moral balance. It posits that a wrongdoer deserves to be punished in proportion to the severity of the crime committed. The aim is not to prevent future crimes but to ensure that justice is served. In the Indian context, retributive justice can be seen in cases involving heinous crimes such as rape, murder, and terrorism, where courts award capital punishment or life imprisonment. For instance, in the 2012 Delhi gang rape case (Nirbhaya case), the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence for the accused, invoking the doctrine of “rarest of rare” and reflecting public sentiment demanding retribution. However, the retributive approach has been criticized by social workers and human rights activists for focusing on vengeance rather than reform. Social work emphasizes empathy, support, and restoration rather than punitive revenge, especially for ___ ____ ___ ______ ___.
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