Word Count : 1211

---

Structural change in India’s employment scenario reflects the transformation of the economy from an agrarian base to a more diversified structure involving industry and services, alongside significant shifts in the nature, quality, and organization of work. Traditionally, India’s workforce was overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture, characterized by low productivity, seasonal employment, and disguised unemployment. Over time, economic reforms, technological progress, globalization, and demographic changes have altered both the production process and labour market dynamics, leading to complex patterns of employment transition rather than a simple linear shift. One of the most visible aspects of structural change has been the declining share of agriculture in total employment. While agriculture contributed the largest share of employment in the early decades after independence, its share has steadily decreased. However, this decline has not been proportionate to the sector’s shrinking contribution to GDP, indicating persistent underemployment and low productivity. A large number of workers continue to remain in agriculture due to limited opportunities in other sectors, reflecting a phenomenon often described as “labour surplus” or “incomplete structural transformation.” For instance, even with rapid growth in manufacturing and services, rural areas still exhibit high dependence on farming and allied activities, often as a fallback option. The industrial sector, particularly manufacturing, was expected to absorb surplus labour from agriculture, but this transition has been uneven. India’s manufacturing sector has experienced growth, yet it has not generated sufficient employment relative to its output expansion. This phenomenon is sometimes termed “jobless growth.” Capital-intensive production processes, automation, and the adoption of modern technologies have increased productivity but reduced the demand for labour. For example, large-scale industries such as automobile manufacturing and steel production employ fewer workers per unit of output compared to traditional labour-intensive industries. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which have higher labour absorption potential, often face constraints such as limited _______ _______ _______ ___ ___ ___ _______ __________ __________ ___.
_______ ______ _________ ______ _______ ______ ____ ______ ________ ____ ___ _________.
___ __________ ________ __________ ______ _______ ___.
__________ ___ _________ ________ __________ ____.
________ ___ _____ ______ _____ ___ ______ _____ ________ ______.
__________ _________ __________ __________ ___ _____.
__________ _______ _____ ___ _______ __________ ______ ______ _______ _____ ______.
_____ ____ _______ ___ ___ ________ ________ ____ ______ __________.
______ _________ __________ _______ _____ ________ _______ ________ _______ ___ _____ _______.
__________ __________ _________ _____ ____.
__________ ______ _______ _____ _______ _______ _________.
________ _____ ________ _____ ______ _________ ______ ____ __________ _________ __________.
____ ______ _____ ________ _____ __________ _________ _______ _______ ____.
________ __________ ________ ___ ________ __________ ____ _________.
__________ ____ _______ ____ _________ __________ __________ __________ ____ ______.
___ _________ ______ _____ _________ _____ ______ ________ _________.
_______ __________ ________ ___ _________ ________ _________ ____ _______ _______ _________.
__________ _____ ________ _____ _______ _______ ________ ______.
____ __________ _______ ______ ___ _____ ______ ____.
_______ _____ ________ ______ ___ ____ _______ _____ _______ _______.
_______ _____ _______ ______ _______.
________ _________ _______ ______ _________.
_________ ________ ____ _________ _____ _________ ____ _______ __________ ____ ______.
______ __________ __________ ______ _________ __________.
_____ ________ _______ __________ ___ _____ ________ _____ ______ ___ ______ _________.
____ _____ __________ _____ ____.
__________ _____ ____ _________ _________ ___ ________ ___ ____ __________ _________.
________ _______ _________ _____ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____ ___.
____ _____ ________ __________ _______ ________ ______ ___ _______ _______.
____ ________ _____ _________ ______ ____ ____ _________ _________ ____.
______ __________ ________ ________ ___ _______ __________ ___ ____ ____ ______ ___.
_____ ________ _______ _______ ___ ____ ______.
______ ______ __________ ____ _______.
__________ ________ ____ ___ _____ ______ _______ _________ ________ _________.
____ _______ ___ ___ _______ ____ _____ _____ ________.
______ __________ ___ ___ ________ _________ ____ __________ ___ ________.
_______ _____ ____ ___ ____ _____ ___ ________ _______ __________.
___ ____ ____ _____ ________ ___.
__________ _______ __________ _________ ______ ________ __________.
__________ __________ ___ __________ ____ ____ _______ __________ ______ ____ ________.
_______ ________ ___ _________ _______ _____ ____ _____ _______ ______.
____ ________ __________ ________ _____ _____.
___ ________ ____ ________ _____ ____ ________ _____ ___ _______.
__________ _______ ________ _______ _____ ___ __________ _____ ___ _________ ________.
__________ _____ ______ ______ _________ _____ __________ __________ ______.
______ ________ ______ ___ ______ _______ __________ ________ ___.
______ _______ ______ ____ _____ ______ ___ __________ ________.
____ ____ ________ ________ ___ _____ ______ ____ __________ _______ ________.
______ _________ _________ ___ __________ ________.
__________ _____ __________ __________ ________ _______ _____ _________ ___ __________ __________.
_____ _______ ____ ____ ____ _________ _____ _________ ___ _________ ________.
______ _______ _____ ________ ______ ___ _______ ____ ________.
__________ _____ _____ ____ _____ ___ _________ ______ ___.
_______ ________ ____ ___ ______ ___ ______ ____ ______ __________.
_______ ____ _____ _______ ____.
______ _____ ________ ________ ____ ____ ____ _______ ______.
___ __________ ______ _______ _____ _____ ___ ______ _____ ____.
________ ____ ______ _________ ____ ___ _____.
__________ ______ _____ ____ ___ _________ ____ ___.
__________ __________ ___ _____ ___ __________ __________ _______ _________ _____ _________ ______.
___ ______ __________ ______ ______ ________ ______ _______ _________ __________.
__________ _____ __________ _____ ______ _____ _____.
__________ ________ _________ _________ _________ ______ ______ _________.
___ ________ _____ _________ _______ __________ ____.
_______ ______ _________ ______ _____ _______.
____ ______ ______ _____ ___.
___ ________ __________ ____ ___.
_________ ________ ________ _____ _____ _____ _________ _______.
______ ___ _____ ___ ___ ___ ______ ___ ____.
________ _________ _______ _______ ___ ______ _____ _________ _____ _____ _____.
_________ ____ __________ __________ _______ _______ ______ __________ _________ _________.
______ ____ ____ _______ ______ _________ _________ _______.
____ ____ ________ _______ ___ ___ _____.
_____ ______ ___ ______ ________ ________ ___ _________ _______ _________.
____ __________ ____ ________ __________.
________ ______ ____ ______ ___ _______ _________ ____ _____ ________ _____ _________.
___ _____ ________ _____ ________ ________ ________ ____.
______ ___ _________ __________ ___ ___ __________ _______ _________ ______ __________.
______ ______ __________ ________ ______ _________ __________ ______ ___ ________.
______ _________ ______ ______ _______ ____.
_________ ______ __________ __________ _______ _________ ___ ___ _______ _________ _____ _______.
___ ________ ___ __________ _____ _____ ________ _____.
_____ ___ ______ ___ _______ _________ _________ ________ _______ _________ __________ _______.
_____ ___ _____ ____ __________ ______ _____ _______ ___.
_________ ________ _______ ______ ______ _______.
______ _______ _________ _________ ______ ___ _____.
_____ ___ _________ ________ ______ _____ ______ _______ _________ ____ ________.
______ _________ _____ ______ _______ ___ ______ ________ ___ _____.
______ ___ ___ _________ ______ _________ ____ ___ _______ ___.
_________ ________ ____ ______ __________ ______ _____ __________ ________ _______.
__________ __________ _______ ________ _____ ______ ______ ___ ______ ____.
_____ __________ ___ ______ ___ __________ ______ _______.
_____ __________ ___ __________ ______ _________ ________ ___ ___ _____ __________ _______.
___ ______ ______ ____ _______ ________ _______ __________.
______ _____ ___ _______ __________ _____ ______ _________ ______ ________ __________.
____ __________ __________ _____ ______ _______ _____ ___ ________.
____ __________ _______ __________ __________ ___ ______ ______ ____ ____ _______.
___ ____ ________ ____ ________ _______ _________ ____ _________ _______.
_________ _______ ____ ___ _____ __________ _____ _____ ______ ___.
_______ _________ ______ ______ ______ __________ ______ _________.
_______ ___ ________ ____ ________ ____.
___ _______ _____ __________ ____ ________.
____ ________ __________ ___ ________ __________ __________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp