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During the 16th century, the political landscape of South India underwent significant transformations that indicated the emergence of centralized structures of governance. This period was marked by the rise and consolidation of powerful regional kingdoms, particularly the Vijayanagara Empire, which played a pivotal role in shaping the nature of centralized authority in South India. The Vijayanagara Empire, established in 1336 by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, reached its zenith during the 16th century under rulers such as Krishnadevaraya. The empire became the most dominant political power in the region, exerting influence over large territories of present-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Kerala. The political structure of the Vijayanagara Empire reflected clear signs of centralization. The emperor, or the "Maharaja," held supreme authority, with a well-organized administrative system that allowed efficient governance over the vast and diverse empire. One key aspect of centralization in the Vijayanagara Empire was the establishment of a hierarchical bureaucratic system. The empire was divided into provinces, known as "Rajyas" or "Mandalas," which were administered by royal appointees called "Nayakas." These Nayakas acted as representatives of the central authority and were responsible for collecting revenue, maintaining law and order, and overseeing local administration. Though the Nayakas were granted considerable autonomy, they were accountable to the central government, indicating an attempt to balance local governance with centralized control. The centralization was further reinforced by ____ ________ ____ ____ _______ _________.
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