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The colonial knowledge system played a significant role in shaping and managing the ecology of Kolkata, particularly during the British colonial period. This influence is evident in the transformation of the region’s natural landscape, patterns of land use, urban planning, and ecological perceptions. Colonial ecological interventions were deeply embedded in the broader goals of administration, economic exploitation, and urban governance. Kolkata, formerly Calcutta, was developed by the British as a major administrative and commercial hub of eastern India. Situated in the lower Gangetic delta, it was prone to flooding, waterlogging, and the spread of diseases due to its marshy terrain and monsoonal climate. To address these challenges, colonial authorities relied heavily on European ______ _________ _______ _________ __________ ___ _____ ______ _______ ________ ________.
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