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The transmission of HIV through blood and blood products is one of the most critical routes of spreading the virus, particularly in healthcare settings and among individuals who receive transfusions or engage in practices involving blood exposure. Understanding this process requires detailed knowledge of the virus’s nature, how it enters the body, and the risk factors associated with different blood-related exposures. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that primarily targets the immune system, particularly CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The virus is present in the blood of an infected individual, as well as in other bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. Among these, blood is particularly potent for HIV transmission because it contains a concentrated level of the virus. Blood transfusions, plasma, clotting factors, and other blood-derived products can serve as direct vehicles for HIV if they are sourced from an infected donor and not properly screened or treated. Transmission through blood typically occurs when infected blood comes into __________ _______ _______ ____ _______ ______.
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