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Poverty and environmental degradation are deeply intertwined, particularly within fragile ecosystems where natural resources are both limited and highly sensitive to human intervention. Fragile ecosystems, such as arid regions, wetlands, mountainous terrains, and tropical forests, are characterized by their low resilience to disturbances. When communities living in these areas experience poverty, their capacity to manage and utilize resources sustainably is severely constrained, creating a cycle in which environmental degradation and impoverishment reinforce each other. Ecological economics offers a framework to understand these interconnections by emphasizing the inseparability of ecological health and human well-being, viewing natural capital as a critical component of sustainable economic systems. In fragile ecosystems, poverty often forces communities to rely heavily on natural resources for their basic needs, including food, water, fuel, and shelter. For instance, subsistence farmers in degraded soils may clear additional land to maintain agricultural output, which accelerates soil erosion and biodiversity loss. Similarly, communities in drylands may over-extract water or overgraze rangelands in attempts to survive, leading to desertification and declining agricultural productivity. From an ecological economics perspective, these practices represent the depletion of natural capital. When natural capital is degraded, the ecosystem services that communities rely upon—such as fertile soil, clean water, and climate _______ ________ ________ ________ _____ ____ ____ ___ ______.
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