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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive, environmentally sensitive approach to pest control that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical methods in a coordinated manner to manage pest populations at acceptable levels. It is based on the understanding of pest biology, life cycles, environmental interactions, and the ecosystem in which pests exist. In the context of hygiene, sanitation, and waste management, IPM plays a vital role in preventing infestations in residential areas, institutions, food establishments, healthcare facilities, and waste disposal sites. Rather than relying solely on chemical pesticides, IPM emphasizes prevention, monitoring, and control strategies that minimize risks to human health and the environment. The fundamental principle of IPM is prevention. Good sanitation practices form the backbone of this approach. Proper waste segregation, timely disposal of garbage, cleaning of drains, elimination of stagnant water, and maintenance of hygienic surroundings reduce the availability of food, water, and shelter for pests. In waste management systems, uncovered bins, overflowing dumpsters, and poorly maintained landfills attract rodents, flies, cockroaches, and other vectors. By maintaining clean surroundings, sealing entry points, and storing waste in closed containers, pest breeding grounds are significantly reduced. Prevention is more sustainable and cost-effective than treating large infestations after they occur. Monitoring and inspection are essential components of IPM. Regular surveys help in identifying the type of pest, the extent of infestation, and the sources contributing to the problem. For example, the presence of droppings, gnaw marks, or nests indicates rodent activity, while larvae in waste bins suggest fly breeding. Monitoring tools such as traps, sticky boards, and light traps are used to assess pest _______ ____ _______ ____ ________ _________ ________ _________ ___ ____ _______ ________.
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