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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic and sustainable approach to controlling pests in agriculture, horticulture, and other environments, including food handling and public health contexts. Unlike traditional chemical control methods, which rely heavily on the routine application of pesticides, IPM emphasizes a combination of techniques to manage pest populations at acceptable levels while minimizing environmental impact, health hazards, and economic costs. The core principle of IPM is to use a variety of compatible strategies to prevent and control pest outbreaks, rather than relying solely on chemical interventions. This approach aligns closely with hygiene, sanitation, and waste management, as pest control is fundamentally linked to reducing sources of contamination and maintaining safe, clean environments. The first step in implementing an IPM program is accurate pest identification. Proper identification ensures that control measures are targeted and effective. Misidentification can lead to unnecessary chemical use, which may harm non-target organisms and increase resistance among pests. Once pests are correctly identified, monitoring and regular surveillance become essential. This involves observing pest population levels, understanding their _________ _________ ______ ___ ________ _______ ___.
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