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The tribes of India, often referred to as Adivasis, have historically lived in close harmony with nature, maintaining distinct cultural identities, languages, and traditional livelihoods. They are primarily concentrated in central, eastern, and northeastern regions of India, including states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and the northeastern states such as Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram. Tribal communities in India have traditionally relied on agriculture, forest produce, hunting, and artisanal crafts for their sustenance. However, the processes of industrialisation and globalisation over the last few decades have profoundly influenced their lives, often leading to both opportunities and severe challenges. Industrialisation in India, which accelerated after independence and especially after the economic reforms of the 1990s, involved large-scale establishment of factories, mining operations, dams, and infrastructural projects. While industrial development has been critical for the nation’s economic growth, it has had a disruptive impact on tribal communities. Many tribes inhabit resource-rich regions, such as forests, mineral belts, and river valleys, which have been targeted for industrial exploitation. For example, mining operations for coal, bauxite, iron ore, and other minerals have led to the displacement of thousands of tribal families. This displacement often occurs with minimal compensation, resulting in loss of land, traditional homes, and livelihoods. The economic insecurity caused by industrialisation is further compounded by inadequate rehabilitation policies, leaving many tribal families marginalized and impoverished. In addition to displacement, industrialisation has disrupted the ecological balance of tribal regions. Forests, rivers, and fertile lands that ______ ____ ____ _______ ________ __________ _____ ________ ________ ___.
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